Inside Secrets

IIS 8이상 버전에서 권한이나 설정등은 이상없는데 550 access is denied 에러메세지가 나오는 경우 확인해볼사항 입니다. 
IIS 8이상에서 보안 설정이 강화되어 발생할수있는데 

공유해줄 해당 폴더에서 ftp 사용자를 별도로 추가해서 수정권한등을 부여해 주면 됩니다. 
사용자가 없을경우는 사용자를 미리 추가해주어야 합니다. 

복구된 시스템에 LVM 설정을 진행 

사용된 시스템은 intel 8400E P35 MB  Debian 12

root@debian40:~# 

fdisk -l 로 하드디스크 상태 확인후 기존 파티션 제거 새롭게 lvm2 타입(8e) 추가하기

root@debian40:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 119.24 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680 sectors
Disk model: TOSHIBA THNSNJ12
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xd5bf5d42

Device     Boot   Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *       2048    999423    997376   487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2       1001470 250068991 249067522 118.8G  5 Extended
/dev/sda5       1001472 250068991 249067520 118.8G 8e Linux LVM


Disk /dev/sde: 465.76 GiB, 500107862016 bytes, 976773168 sectors
Disk model: WDC WD5000AZLX-0
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x811ba888

Device     Boot Start       End   Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sde1        2048 976773167 976771120 465.8G 8e Linux LVM


Disk /dev/sdd: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk model: TOSHIBA DT01ACA1
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xad11c254

Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sdd1        2048 1953525167 1953523120 931.5G 8e Linux LVM


Disk /dev/sdc: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk model: ST1000DM003-1CH1
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xcc592ffb

Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sdc1        2048 1953525167 1953523120 931.5G 8e Linux LVM


Disk /dev/sdb: 931.51 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Disk model: HGST HTS721010A9
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb1a76144

Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1        2048 1953525167 1953523120 931.5G 8e Linux LVM


Disk /dev/mapper/debian40--vg-root: 117.79 GiB, 126475042816 bytes, 247021568 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/debian40--vg-swap_1: 976 MiB, 1023410176 bytes, 1998848 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes



lvm 물리볼륨 추가 하기 

root@debian40:~# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
root@debian40:~# pvcreate /dev/sdc1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
root@debian40:~# pvcreate /dev/sdd1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created.
root@debian40:~# pvcreate /dev/sde1
  Physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully created.


vg 생성 하기

root@debian40:~# vgcreate rl /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
  Volume group "rl" successfully created


vg생성상태 확인하기 

root@debian40:~# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               rl
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        4
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                4
  Act PV                4
  VG Size               3.18 TiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              834632
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0   
  Free  PE / Size       834632 / 3.18 TiB
  VG UUID               Wfjv3r-vdAm-Aw7a-fMge-TEr8-WhmG-ITfMNL
   
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               debian40-vg
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               118.76 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              30403
  Alloc PE / Size       30398 / 118.74 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       5 / 20.00 MiB
  VG UUID               LtyjFF-dzUX-ZePT-XjGd-WZcW-7aRp-LL0npL



lvm 논리볼륨을 전체 다 사용하기 (중간 백업용도라 전체 사용)
lvcreate -l 100%FREE(빈공간전체) -n lvhome(논리볼륨이름) rl(생성된vg이름)

   
root@debian40:~# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lvhome rl
  Logical volume "lvhome" created.
root@debian40:~# mkfs.ext4 /dev/rl/lvhome
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Creating filesystem with 854663168 4k blocks and 213671936 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 289725be-2db9-4d5f-8feb-40a4b87c7ca9
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
        4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 
        102400000, 214990848, 512000000, 550731776, 644972544

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (262144 blocks): 
done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information:            
done





root@debian40:~# ls -la /
total 65
drwxr-xr-x  18 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:28 .
drwxr-xr-x  18 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:28 ..
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     7 Feb 13 18:28 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x   4 root root  1024 Feb 14 13:40 boot
drwxr-xr-x  20 root root  3660 Feb 16 14:06 dev
drwxr-xr-x  67 root root  4096 Feb 16  2024 etc
drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Feb 14 10:09 home
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    30 Feb 13 18:28 initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-18-amd64
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    30 Feb 13 18:28 initrd.img.old -> boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-18-amd64
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     7 Feb 13 18:28 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     9 Feb 13 18:28 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwx------   2 root root 16384 Feb 13 18:28 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x   3 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:28 media
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:28 mnt
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:28 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 165 root root     0 Feb 16  2024 proc
drwx------   3 root root  4096 Feb 14 23:32 root
drwxr-xr-x  18 root root   580 Feb 16 13:37 run
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     8 Feb 13 18:28 sbin -> usr/sbin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:28 srv
dr-xr-xr-x  13 root root     0 Feb 16  2024 sys
drwxrwxrwt   9 root root  4096 Feb 16  2024 tmp
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:28 usr
drwxr-xr-x  12 root root  4096 Feb 14 10:08 var
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    27 Feb 13 18:28 vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-6.1.0-18-amd64
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root    27 Feb 13 18:28 vmlinuz.old -> boot/vmlinuz-6.1.0-18-amd64


마운트할 디렉토리 생성 /home/cecil/share
생성된논리볼륨을 디렉토리에 마운트 /dev/rl/lvhome  -> /home/cecil/share 

root@debian40:~# mkdir /home/cecil/share
root@debian40:~# mount /dev/rl/lvhome /home/cecil/share 
root@debian40:~# pvdisplay
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sdb1
  VG Name               rl
  PV Size               931.51 GiB / not usable 4.71 MiB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              238466
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          238466
  PV UUID               NaUlF5-yDJS-WyHv-eoja-sZgt-PqEa-1dCYUe
   
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sdc1
  VG Name               rl
  PV Size               931.51 GiB / not usable 4.71 MiB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              238466
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          238466
  PV UUID               Jd4ibE-KLl3-0hhd-QEwo-yvFe-7zcF-wvW3IY
   
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sdd1
  VG Name               rl
  PV Size               931.51 GiB / not usable 4.71 MiB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              238466
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          238466
  PV UUID               qj5Fod-0GyW-sPp4-C4TP-X52Q-DtQf-0AR5gR
   
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sde1
  VG Name               rl
  PV Size               465.76 GiB / not usable 3.02 MiB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              119234
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          119234
  PV UUID               oeEyVq-4Bvs-Zee5-HteA-xFzi-uu6i-wRxRXS
   
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sda5
  VG Name               debian40-vg
  PV Size               118.76 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
  Allocatable           yes 
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              30403
  Free PE               5
  Allocated PE          30398
  PV UUID               oqOTeU-V0Dn-P8CZ-kejY-ShlD-IbJo-bFJgyA
   
root@debian40:~# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               rl
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        4
  Metadata Sequence No  2
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                1
  Open LV               1
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                4
  Act PV                4
  VG Size               3.18 TiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              834632
  Alloc PE / Size       834632 / 3.18 TiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0   
  VG UUID               Wfjv3r-vdAm-Aw7a-fMge-TEr8-WhmG-ITfMNL
   
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               debian40-vg
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               118.76 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              30403
  Alloc PE / Size       30398 / 118.74 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       5 / 20.00 MiB
  VG UUID               LtyjFF-dzUX-ZePT-XjGd-WZcW-7aRp-LL0npL
   
root@debian40:~# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/rl/lvhome
  LV Name                lvhome
  VG Name                rl
  LV UUID                APhfXH-cwaz-rPRA-UuQ6-rHFq-7rt1-6LrTd4
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time debian40, 2024-02-16 14:06:52 +0900
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                3.18 TiB
  Current LE             834632
  Segments               4
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           254:2
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/debian40-vg/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                debian40-vg
  LV UUID                4yXMPO-Zikk-ndAQ-943m-kXqV-Le22-GLu7a3
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time debian40, 2024-02-13 18:28:00 +0900
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                <117.79 GiB
  Current LE             30154
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           254:0
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/debian40-vg/swap_1
  LV Name                swap_1
  VG Name                debian40-vg
  LV UUID                VsaCsL-32Ho-SFXC-RNDl-KePm-BBC8-MMEQtD
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time debian40, 2024-02-13 18:28:00 +0900
  LV Status              available
  # open                 2
  LV Size                976.00 MiB
  Current LE             244
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           254:1


   
root@debian40:~# lvs
  LV     VG          Attr       LSize    Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root   debian40-vg -wi-ao---- <117.79g                                                    
  swap_1 debian40-vg -wi-ao----  976.00m                                                    
  lvhome rl          -wi-ao----    3.18t                                                    


시스템시작시 자동 마운트하기 위해서 fstab에 등록
등록하기 위해 매핑상태를 확인  ls /dev/mapper
debian40--vg-root  debian40--vg-swap_1  rl-lvhome
debian40--vg-root  debian40--vg-swap_1 기존등록 
rl-lvhome  새롭게 등록할 내용

root@debian40:~# ls /dev/mapper
control  debian40--vg-root  debian40--vg-swap_1  rl-lvhome


root@debian40:~# vi /etc/fstab 
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# systemd generates mount units based on this file, see systemd.mount(5).
# Please run 'systemctl daemon-reload' after making changes here.
#
# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
/dev/mapper/debian40--vg-root /               ext4    errors=remount-ro 0       1
# /boot was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=5a846316-9f22-437e-bebb-9c5a23e358fd /boot           ext2    defaults        0       2
/dev/mapper/debian40--vg-swap_1 none            swap    sw              0       0
/dev/mapper/rl-lvhome   /home/cecil/share       ext4    defaults        0       0
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"/etc/fstab" 15 lines, 824 bytes written


업데이트 하여주고  reboot  확인해보기..

root@debian40:~# update-initramfs -u
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-18-amd64
root@debian40:~# 
root@debian40:~# reboot
root@debian40:~#

구형 데스크탑을 사용해서 중간백업용으로 사용하던 Rocky Linux 가  보드 문제로 부팅이 불가해서 또다른 구형 메인보드를 이용해 이전 복구 하는 간단한 방법으로 복구시도.. 하드디스크가 손상된 것은 아니었기에 큰 문제 없이 복구진행

이전 대상인 메인보드가 구형에 특별한 eide장치를 사용하는 마벨장치가 부착되어 Rocky Linux등이 작동되지 않아 Debian으로 진행, Debian은 가볍고 특성을 잘 타지 않아 하드웨어 호환성에 문제가 있을때 사용하는데 이번에도 커널패닉이 발생되지 않아 Debian 12 버전으로 진행

1. Debian install 후 하드디스크를 붙여 기존 LVM 상태 확인

   fdisk -l 로 하드디스크 연결 상태 확인

2. pvdisplay 물리볼륨 확인

물리볼륨 Unknown  VG  rl  , PV UUID 검색되어 표시된다. 분실되거나 손실된 볼륨이 없을때는 간단한 작업으로 이름만 동일하지 않다면(동일하더라도 변경하면 ) 바로 추가 해서 마운트 가능

4개의 하드디스크가 검색되고 동일한 VG 이름 rl를 사용하고 있다.

3. pvscan 과 vgscan으로 pv vg상태확인 

lvm2 타입의 메타데이터를 가지는 볼륨그룹 rl 검색되어 PV 링크는 깨졌으나 동일한 VG이름하에 있다.

4. 활성화 vgchange 

vgchange -a y /dev/rl  (/dev/rl 깨진부분이나 일부문제가 있을경우 --activationmode partial 옵션으로 진행

vgchage -a y /dev/rl --activationmode partiall

3개의 장치만 부분적으로 활성화됨 

5. 마운트

#mount -t xfs /dev/rl/home00 /mnt

마운트시 오류 발생하면 

파티션 복구 작업을 진행 

xfs 라면

#xfs_repair /dev/rl/home00



ext4 라면

#e2fsck -y /dev/rl/home00

네트워크 카드가 지원하는 속도를 변경하기위해서는 ethtool을 사용

네트워크 카드 정보확인  

lspci -m | grep -i Ethernet

패키지가 없다면 우선 설치 ;;; CentOS, RHEL, Fedora, Rocky ...
#yum install ethtool net-tools
;;; if  Ubuntu, Debian   then 
;;; # apt-get install ethtool net-tools

네트워크 카드 이름 확인

ifconfig

ifconfig 정보를 통해 enp3s0 이 네트워크 카드 이름 확인

현재 설정상태 확인

ethtool enp3s0 

전송속도: 10~1000

Duplex: half Full 지원  등 확인

설정변경은 옵션 -s (소문자) 사용

ethtool -s enp3s0 speed 1000 duplex full autoneg on
;;; ethtool -s [Network Interface Name] speed [10 | 100 | 1000] duplex [half | full] autoneg [on | off]

부팅시 설정값 적용 설정
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
   ethtool -s enp3s0 speed 1000 duplex full autoneg on
   ;;; ethtool -s [Network Interface Name] speed [10 | 100 | 1000] duplex [half | full] autoneg [on | off]